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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12695/236

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Türk Dünyasının Harikalarını Birleştirmek: Türkiye'nin Sürdürülebilir Turizm Süreci ve Orta Asya Ülkeleri ile Ortaklık Fırsatları
(Kapadokya Üniversitesi, 2023) Sakal, Halil Burak
The aim of this paper is to offer a new model of cooperation and a scheme for knowledge sharing between Türkiye and the Central Asian states. Kyrgyzstan’s nature and culture based tourism potential and the country’s willingness to develop tourism industry in a sustainable manner in cooperation with international stakeholders offer unique opportunities for developing bilateral relations and knowledge sharing between Turkiye and the countries in the region. The Mediterranean basin, of which Turkiye is a part, is one of the most popular tourist destinations. While natural and cultural assets of the Mediterranean countries attract millions of tourists and offer unique experiences, these assets are in danger of overcrowding and over exploitation as the number of tourists increases. Therefore, internationally accepted sustainable tourism standards and best practices are being embraced by the destination management bodies of the Mediterranean countries, such as Turkiye, Spain, Italy and Greece. Among them, Turkiye took a great leap forward by introducing the national Sustainable Tourism Program with the support of the Global Sustainable Tourism Council, and made the global sustainable tourism criteria compulsory for all accommodation facilities in the country until 2030. Turkiye’s cultural, historical, economic and humanitarian ties with Central Asian countries along with its experience with the ambitious national program can be a model and a base for future cooperation with the countries in the region.
Sustainable recovery of tourism in Turkey in the post-Covid era
(Plovdiv University Press, 2021) Sakal, Halil Burak
Globally, travel and tourism sector were hit hard by the impacts of the Covid-19 restrictions and lockdowns. In Turkey, the total contribution of travel and tourism to the GDP was more than halved in 2020 as compared to the previous year. While the sudden stop in 2020 had a negative impact on the sector, it created a unique opportunity to redesign a more resilient long-term tourism strategy. Based on multi-stakeholder cooperation, Turkish tourism authorities build the post-Covid recovery strategy on competitiveness and sustainability while aiming at increasing the income generated from tourism activities. This conference paper analyzes Turkey’s post-Covid sustainable tourism strategy from the perspective of changing consumer behaviors, pre-and post-Covid tourism demand, and the impact of sustainability on tourism competitiveness.
Energy and environment in Turkish-Bulgarian relations
(Goce Delcev University in Stip, 2021) Sakal, Halil Burak; Pastarmadzhieva, Daniela
This paper focuses on the changing role of energy and environment in Turkish-Bulgarian relations since the second half of the 2010s. The energy ties between the two countries strengthened since then after reaching at least two critical milestones. The first is the synchronous integration of Turkey’s electricity grid to the EU power transmission network, and the second is the TurkStream natural gas pipeline that extends towards Bulgaria. These two crucial developments necessitated Turkey’s energy laws to be in harmony with the EU regulations. On the other hand, Turkey’s environmental policies are not fully harmonious with the EU policies and rules, and bilateral environmental relations remain relatively immature. This paper compares the three aspects of Turkey’s relations with Bulgaria, i.e., natural gas trade, electricity trade, transboundary rivers. The paper investigates the perceptions and opinions of politicians, media, civil society, and political parties about energy trade and transboundary water issues. It focuses on the fundamental laws, regulations, documents, and reports of the energy and environment regulators. The paper argues that the high level of integration in the sphere of energy trade (natural gas and electricity) is boosted by mutual economic gains. As energy and environment constitute a nexus, advanced bilateral energy relations will likely to have spillover impacts on the environmental sphere during Turkey’s EU accession.
Konya Turizmi Gelecek Vizyonu Ortak Akıl Arama Çalıştayı Raporu
(Kapadokya Üniversitesi, 2020) Tütüncü, Özkan; Sakal, Halil Burak
Konya Turizminin vizyonunu belirlemek üzere Kapadokya Üniversitesinin düzenlediği bir etkinlik çerçevesinde, 13, 16 ve 17 Temmuz 2020 tarihlerinde Konya Turizmi Gelecek Vizyonu Ortak Akıl Arama Çalıştayı yapılmıştır. Ortak akıl arama çalıştayı uzaktan bağlantı yöntemiyle gerçekleştirmiş, 13 Temmuz Pazartesi günü saat 10:00’da başlayarak o gün ilk olarak buz kırma aktivitesi şeklinde katılımcılar ile tanışılmış, ardından ortak akıl arama çalıştayının yöntem olarak nasıl yürütüleceği ele alınmıştır. İlk oturum toplamda 120 dakika sürmüştür. Çalıştayın hızlı ve verimli geçebilmesi için katılımcılara 16 Temmuz’daki oturuma gelmeden evvel Konya’nın turizm açısından en az üçer güçlü ve zayıf yönünü belirlemeleri istenmiştir. 16 ve 17 Temmuz 2020 Perşembe ve Cuma günleri sabah ve öğlen 120’şer dakikalık oturumlar ile tam gün çalışma yapılmıştır. Yöntem olarak SWOT analizinden yararlanılarak, pareto analizi ve çoklu oylama yöntemleri ile ana çalışma konuları belirlenmiş ve Microsoft Teams üzerinden oluşturulan çalıştay odalarında, katılımcıların gönüllü katkıları ile ana konu alanları içinde saptanan sorunlara çözüm önerileri geliştirmiştir. Daha sonra bu öneriler grup başkanlarının sunumları ile tüm katılımcılarımızla tekrar ele alınmış, eksik noktalar aydınlatılarak ve gerekli düzeltmeler yapılarak tüm katılımcıların onayı ve oybirliği ile sonuca ulaştırılmıştır. Çalışmanın moderatörü katılımcıların onayı çıkan sonuçları raporlamıştır. Katılımcıların tüm oturumlara katılması zorunlu tutulmuş, bu nedenle çalışma gruplarında bilfiil bulunmuş ve önerileri ile çalıştaya katkı veren kişilerin kimlikleri burada onların onayı ile verişmiştir.
Turizm 2023: Türkiye 2023 Turizm Stratejisi
(T.C. Kültür ve Turizm Bakanlığı, 2019) Ersoy, Mehmet Nuri
Küresel boyutta turizm sürekli gelişen bir sektör olarak öne çıkmaktadır. Uluslararası ziyaretçi sayısı, son dokuz yıldır kesintisiz bir biçimde artarak, 2018 yılında 1 milyar 401 milyon kişiye ulaşmıştır. Küresel turizm gelirleri ise 2018 yılında ortalama %4,4 büyüyerek 1 trilyon 451 milyar ABD dolarına yükselmiş, uluslararası turizm gelirlerinin büyüme hızı %3,6’lık büyüme ile dünya ekonomisinin gelişme hızının üzerinde gerçekleşmiştir. Türk turizminin uzun yıllar boyunca yakaladığı büyüme ivmesi 2015’ten itibaren yaşanan krizlerle gerileme göstermişse de sonraki yıllarda hızlı bir toparlanma eğilimine girilmiştir. Turizmimizde kötü gidiş, 2018 yılı itibariyle geride kalmıştır. Küresel turist sayısındaki büyüme oranının %5,4 olarak gerçekleştiği 2018 yılında Türkiye’ye gelen ziyaretçi sayısı bir önceki yıla göre %21 seviyesinde artmıştır. Artış eğilimi, 2019’un ilk 8 ayında da devam etmiştir. Hedefimiz bu ivmeyi politika tedbirleri ile destekleyerek 2023 yılında 75 milyon uluslararası ziyaretçiye ulaşmaktır. Bu hedefe ulaşabilmemiz, ül- kemizin turizm anlayışını değiştirecek kolektif bir çalışma ile mümkün olacaktır. Turizm gelirleri açısından bakıldığında, 2018 yılında turizm gelirlerimiz bir önceki yıla göre %12 seviyesinde büyümüştür. Aynı dönemde dünyada turizm gelirleri büyüme oranı ise %4,4 olarak gerçekleşmiştir. 2018’in son çeyreğinde başlayan politika değişiklikleri ve 2023 Stratejisi ile turizm gelirlerimizin 2023 yılında 65 milyar ABD doları seviyesine yükseltilmesi hedeflenmiştir.
Peace Science and the Hydropolitical Conflicts in Central Asia: The Rogun Dam Conflict between Tajikistan and Uzbekistan
(2020) Tanrısever, Oktay F.; Sakal, Halil Burak
This conference paper seeks to explore the potential contributions of the peace science to the hydropolitical conflicts in Central Asia by focusing on the case of the Rogun Dam conflict between Tajikistan and Uzbekistan. In particular, the conference paper seeks to identify the opportunity structures available to the conflicting parties through a mixed methodology of using quantitative and qualitative data about the hydropower resources as well as water resources for agricultural use as well as the relevant countries policy options and peaceful settlement alternatives. The existing literature on water conflicts mostly focuses on water scarcity for assessing the risk of occurrence of water-related conflicts between the riparians in the transboundary river basins. More recently, the number of studies combining the physical and human-related indicators for analyzing the potential risks of hydropolitical conflicts. The conference paper suggests that based on the quantified data about water and energy nexus in the Ragun Dam area the diverse interests of the Central Asian countries in using water resources for electricity production and agricultural use set them against each other in a conflictual relationship. This is quite clear in the case of the Rogun Dam conflict between Tajikistan and Uzbekistan. The conference paper argues that the changes in Uzbekistan’s position on this conflict from a conflictual to a more conciliatory one could be explained with the peace science approach and data about the hydropower resources as well as water resources for agricultural use as well as the relevant countries policy options and peaceful settlement alternatives. This paper hopes to contribute to the literature by including concepts of political science and environmental economics. Various databases are used for this purpose. The paper derives water scarcity data from the AQUEDUCT database of the World Resources Institute, while the Transboundary Waters Assessment Programme of the Global Environmental Facility is employed for the following indicators: human water stress, agricultural water stress, ecosystem impacts from dams, economic dependence on water resources, enabling environment and legal framework. Hydropower data is gathered from the International Renewable Energy Agency’s Renewable Electricity Capacity and Generation Statistics as well as from the International Energy Agency. The agricultural data are compiled from the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, the FAOSTAT database. Specifically, the International Cotton Advisory Committee’s Data Portal will be employed for cotton agriculture data of Uzbekistan.
Interbasin water transfer in the Çoruh and Kura-Araks river basins in the South Caucasus: An assessment of transboundary and local impacts
(2019)
The literature on inter-basin water transfers (IBWT) draw attention to environmental, social, hydrological, engineering, and management challenges for water transfer projects in various parts of the globe. Based on established criteria for IBWT in the literature, this paper evaluates the local and transboundary impacts of the Kura-Çoruh transfer project in the northeast of Turkey.
Turkey’s Electricity Trade Relations with Europe: The Role of the EU and the Impact on the Environment
(ICEEE2020, 2020)
Transnational electricity trade is made possible through transmission lines, known as the interconnectors. Globally, the level of interconnectedness between neighboring countries varies from region to region. As suggested by previous research, in transboundary river basins, the variation in this level affects the management of transboundary waters. In regions where all electricity utilities are connected and function at a synchronized frequency, the tendency towards the implementation of the principles of integrated water resources management is higher. This paper presents a comparative model of Turkey’s electricity trade integrity with its European neighbors, namely Georgia, Armenia, Bulgaria and Greece. Turkey shares river basins and power transmission lines in Europe both with the members of the European Union (EU) and non-member states. While Turkey imports electricity from its western neighbors that are members of the EU, it exports electricity to its European neighbors in the east. Relying on official data, it is shown in this paper that the interconnectedness between Turkey and EU is higher, and the level of interconnectedness between Turkey and its non-EU neighbors are lower. The aim of this paper is to compare and analyze the level of Turkey’s trade integrity with its EU-member European neighbors and with its non-EU-member neighbors and discuss the potential impacts of this situation on environment and shared water resources. The paper uses the energy trade data from official sources and technical reports. The main argument here is that the higher level of electricity trade between Turkey and its EU-member neighbors is facilitated by Turkey’s membership to the European Network of Transmission System Operators for Electricity (ENTSO-E). The higher level of electricity interconnection may lead to a higher level of cooperation in water and environment issues in the shared river basins between Turkey and Europe.

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